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 |  Subject: Secrets in 2,000-Year-Old Scorched Scrolls of Herculaneum to be Revealed with New Tech  Tue Jan 20, 2015 10:05 pm | |
|  21 JANUARY, 2015 - 00:34 APRILHOLLOWAYSecrets in 2,000-Year-Old Scorched Scrolls of Herculaneum to be Revealed with New TechAn enormous wealth of knowledge locked within hundreds of ancient papyrus scrolls scorched by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, may now be revealed thanks to new technology which may enable the texts to be read.The new technique, published in the journal Nature Communications, involves a type of X-ray phase-contrast tomography, which enables letters to be highlighted based on their slightly raised height on the papyrus. So far, six scrolls have been analyzed with this method and the resulting text is currently undergoing translation.“Both the Roman city of Pompeii and the nearby, wealthy seaside town of Herculaneum were wiped out when Mount Vesuvius erupted in A.D. 79, killing thousands of people and covering fine villas in ash and lava,” writes Live Science.In the 1970s, workers uncovered a library in a villa thought to be the home of a Roman statesman, or even Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus. The site, now known as the Villa of Papyri, was excavated by archaeologist Karl Weber between 1970 and 1975 by means of underground tunnels. It was found to contain nearly 2,000 ancient papyrus scrolls, the ‘Herculaneum papyri’.Villa of the Papyri at the archeological site of Herculaneum (Wikipedia). At the time of the eruption of Vesuvius, the precious library was packed in cases ready to be moved to safety when it was overtaken by pyroclastic flow; the eruption eventually deposited some 20–25 m of volcanic ash over the site, charring the scrolls but preserving them— one of the few surviving libraries of Antiquity.According to British linguist and palaeographer David Diringer, more than 340 of the scrolls are almost complete, about 970 are partly decayed and partly decipherable, and more than 500 are completely charred.Many of the scrolls were preserved enough to be completely or partially unroll, leading to hundreds being deciphered and published. It was found that the library was of a mainly philosophical character, possible collected by the Epicurean Philodemus of Gadara. Followers of Epicurus studied the teachings of this moral and natural philosopher. This philosophy taught that man is mortal, that the cosmos is the result of accident, that there is no providential god, and that the criterion of a good life is pleasure and temperance.Herculaneum Papyrus 1428: Philodemus, On Piety ( .herculaneum.ox.ac.uk/?q=Home Introduction]Friends of the Herculaneum Society[/url]) Despite the success in unravelling and reading many of the scrolls, there still remained hundreds of scrolls in which the internal structure was too compact and fragile to unroll. Furthermore, the fact that they had been written with carbon-based ink, which have a much lower contrast to the blackened papyrus than inks with metallic bases, made them impossible to read.A team of scientists from the National Research Council in Naples, Italy, therefore developed a new technique called X-ray phase-contrast tomography. “Because the letters on the papyrus are slightly raised in height, the waves of X-rays that hit the letters would be reflected back with a slightly shifted phase, compared with the waves that hit the underlying material,” reports Live Science. “By measuring this phase difference, the team was able to reproduce the shape of the letters inside the rolled scrolls.”So far, the team has analyzed six scrolls that are currently now housed at the French Institute in Paris. While the decipherment of the words in the innermost layer is still proving to be extremely challenging, the research team has been able to decipher at least some of the Greek letters and words written inside the charred scrolls.Jennifer Sheridan Moss, a papyrologist at Wayne State University in Detroit and the president of the American Society of Papyrologists, said the new technique holds promise for deciphering other burnt papyri as well."Most people now believe there is a whole other library under there in that Villa of the Papyri," Moss told Live Science. In Roman times, most libraries held Greek collections and Latin collections in separate areas. Since all the scrolls found to date are written in Greek, it has been suggested that there may be another entire collection written in Latin. Archaeologists are continuing to excavate the villa, though at times hindered by noxious gases released from the ground."We could easily find more things that are in bad shape like this, and then the technology could be applied to them," Moss said.Featured image: Papyrus scroll found in a Herculaneum villa. Credit: E. BrunBy April Holloway- See more at: http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/secrets-2000-year-old-scorched-scrolls-herculaneum-020175#sthash.DlQd1RFB.dpuf |
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| | Subject: Ancient scrolls charred in Vesuvius eruption come to life Tue Jan 20, 2015 10:13 pm | |
| Ancient scrolls charred in Vesuvius eruption come to lifeBY WILL DUNHAMWASHINGTON Tue Jan 20, 2015 5:31pm EST A partial view of the ancient archaeological site of Pompeii is pictured in front of Mount Vesuvius April 17, 2014.CREDIT: REUTERS/CIRO DE LUCA(Reuters) - The contents of hundreds of papyrus scrolls that were turned into charcoal in the eruption of Italy's Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD - one of the great natural disasters of antiquity - have long remained a mystery. That soon may change.Scientists said on Tuesday a sophisticated form of X-ray technology has enabled them to decipher some of the writing in the charred scrolls from a library once housed in a sumptuous villa in ancient Herculaneum, a city that overlooked the Bay of Naples.The library was part of what's called the Villa of the Papyri, which may have belonged to Julius Caesar's father-in-law. Other libraries from antiquity have been discovered but this is the only one that had its scrolls still present.Along with its sister city Pompeii, Herculaneum was buried by the eruption. The scrolls were carbonized by a blast of hot volcanic gas, ending up looking like burned logs.Roughly 1,800 of the delicate and brittle scrolls were unearthed in the 1750s. Some have been deciphered. Most have not. Methods used over the years to unroll them or separate their layers have destroyed many.Carbonized papyrus and the black charcoal ink used in the scrolls have very similar compositions, making it tough to make out the writing using even advanced scanning methods. But these researchers used a technology similar to CT scans, called X-ray Phase Contrast Tomography, to decipher the writing while leaving the scroll rolled up."They are extremely fragile because they are, more or less, only pieces of charcoal," said Emmanuel Brun of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble and Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, who helped lead the study.The method was used on one intact charred scroll as well as scroll fragments, added Vito Mocella of the Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, part of the National Council of Research in Naples.The researchers determined the writing was in ancient Greek and the intact scroll may be a text written by 1st century BC philosopher Philodemus.While this study was not intended to reveal the scrolls' full contents, Mocella said there are plans to use the technology to decipher the hundreds of remaining scrolls. Experts have hoped these may contain famous lost ancient works."We're very excited about this possibility because we know the immense value for the study of ancient Greek and Latin civilization," Mocella said.The intact scroll used in the study, published in the journal Nature Communications, was given to Napoleon Bonaparte as a gift in 1802, Brun said.(Reporting by Will Dunham; Editing by Sandra Maler) |
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